References
Bekoff, M. “Social Dominance Is Not a Myth: Wolves, Dogs, and Other Animals,” Animal Emotions (blog), Psychology Today, 2/15/2012. Bradshaw, J.W.S., and H.M.R. Nott. 1995. “Social and Communication Behaviour of Companion Dogs,” in The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behaviour and Interactions with People, ed. J. Serpell (New York: Cambridge University Press), 115–130.
Cafazzo, S., et al. 2010. Dominance in relation to age, sex, and competitive contexts in a group of free-ranging domestic dogs. Behavioral Ecology 21 (3): 443–455.
Drews, C. 1993. The concept and definition of dominance in animal behaviour. Behaviour 125 (3/4): 283–313.
Herron, M.E., et al. 2009. Survey of the use and outcome of confrontational and non-confrontational training methods in client-owned dogs showing undesired behaviors. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 117 (1/2): 47–54.
Kelley, L. C., “Deconstructing the Concept of Dom-inance: Should We Revive the Concept of Dominance in Dogs?” My Puppy, My Self (blog), Psychology Today, 2/8/2012, emended 2/20/12.
O’Heare, J. 2007. Social dominance: Useful construct or quagmire? J. of Applied Companion Animal Behavior 1 (1): 56–83.
Trisko, R. K. “Dominance, Egalitarianism and Friendship at a Dog Daycare Facility.” (doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan, 2011).
Dominance, in popular parlance, has come to mean physical dominance of dogs rather than status or leadership. I live with a high status dog and I've learned a lot watching his interactions with other dogs. He is invariably greeted by other dogs with submissive behaviors, muzzle licks, genital licks, belly displays, crouches, etc. He simply accepts these as his due. He doesn't force the other dogs to show him deference he just receives it. He doesn't engage in behaviors designed to get this deference he's simply calm, confident and assumes he's in charge and the other dogs agree. In our house I have more status than he does just because I'm the human and control all the resources but I never use force or artificial behaviors such as insisting that I go through doors before him. It's just the way it is and we both accept that. I have a wonderful dog with fabulous manners. He's the envy of my friends. I can only imagine how dreadful the relationship would be if I tried to "dominate" him in the way it is generally understood by the public.